The foundational theories of modern life science and medicine appear, at first glance, to represent an unshakeable accumulation of truth. Yet a detailed analysis of their historical evolution reveals that significant conceptual revisions — and sweeping simplifications made in the name of education and popularisation — occurred at specific junctures. The Central Dogma of molecular biology and the Flexner Report that determined the framework of modern medical education stand as the most telling examples of this pattern.

Proposed by Francis Crick in 1957, the Central Dogma presented the concept that genetic information flows in a single direction — from DNA to RNA to protein. This theory became an extraordinarily powerful model for understanding life as a form of digital information processing, underpinning the explosive advances in molecular biology during the second half of the twentieth century.

In the course of its popularisation, however, the possibility of “bidirectional information flow” and complex mutual interaction — which Crick himself had envisaged from the outset — was discarded. The theory became dogmatised as a simple, unidirectional DNA determinism. In the twenty-first century, this simplified model has been forced into substantial revision by discoveries of “reverse information flow” and “non-genomic inheritance.”

The discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is overturning the Central Dogma at its foundations. More than 60,000 lncRNAs — three times the number of protein-coding genes — exist in the human genome and actively alter DNA methylation and chromatin structure. This implies that RNA functions as “software” rewriting the “hardware” of DNA: the flow of information is far more circulatory than originally assumed.

Published by Abraham Flexner in 1910, the Flexner Report fundamentally reorganised medical education across North America. Its aim was to eliminate “proprietary therapies” lacking a scientific basis and to establish the German-style experimental-science model — allopathic medicine — as the sole legitimate form of medical practice.

While this reform raised and standardised the quality of physicians, it imposed three critical simplifications on the medical world.

According to the traditional “Weismann barrier,” traits acquired by an individual during their lifetime cannot be passed to offspring. Modern research has demonstrated, however, that environmental stress, nutritional state, and even trauma — “lived experience” — can be transmitted from somatic to germline cells via extracellular vesicles, altering the phenotype and health of descendants.

Microchimerism: the “Other” living within

Microchimerism refers to the phenomenon in which a non-trivial number of genetically distinct, foreign-origin cells are stably resident within a single individual. Once considered an extremely rare occurrence, it is now understood to arise universally through pregnancy, blood transfusion, and organ transplantation.

Particularly striking is the bidirectional cell traffic between mother and foetus during pregnancy. Foetal cells cross the placenta, spread throughout the maternal body — reaching the heart, lungs, and deep brain structures — and survive there for decades. Male-origin Y chromosomes were detected in approximately 63% of female brains examined in one recent study.

Holobiont theory: the human being as an ecosystem

From a broader perspective, the human being is understood as a holobiont — a collective comprising roughly 30 trillion human cells alongside approximately 39 trillion microbial cells. Millions of microbial genes inhabit our bodies, collaborating with the human genome to govern metabolism, immunity, hormonal regulation, and even mental states via the gut–brain axis.

The memory of interbreeding: the Nephilim and archaic humans

Modern palaeogenomics has established that, after leaving Africa, anatomically modern humans interbred frequently with Neanderthals and Denisovans across Eurasia and carry those genes to this day.

Scientific rebuttal of the Anunnaki hypothesis

Hypothesis 1 — DNA theory and medicine were deliberately altered

Hypothesis 2 — Chimerism is an intrinsic structural feature of the human being

Hypothesis 3 — Ancient records and modern genetics share meaningful correspondences

What this research makes clear is that life science is returning — from “simplified dogma” toward a “complex symbiotic and circulatory system.” A century ago, humanity organised and simplified the mysteries of life in order to make science a practical tool. The result was antibiotics, vaccines, and the technology to manipulate genetic information digitally.

Yet the “overlapping of life (chimerism),” the “dialogue with the environment (epigenetics),” and the “memory of interbreeding stretching back to antiquity” that were lost in that process are being redefined, ironically, by the very latest technologies.

What the science of the future requires is a perspective that transcends twentieth-century separatism — reintegrating this complex information and regarding each individual not as an “isolated unit” but as part of a “continuum of life.” That is nothing other than the beginning of a grand paradigm shift in which medicine, biology, and history once again join hands to approach the truth of what it means to be human.